Ground truth
kept sensorheld-out sensor (evaluation)
Pure neural net
Same network, same k sensors, no physics.
Physics-informed net
Same network + LWR residual at 10k collocation points.
Corridor profile at
ground truth (all sensors)PINNpure NNlinear interpolationkept sensors
Held-out error relative L2 on stations the model never saw
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linear interp
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pure NN
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PINN
Where physics breaks: |PDE residual| PINN with all sensors; bright = conservation violated
CHP incident (real log, I-880 S)on-rampoff-ramp